The Rosie Project Book Club Discussion Questions

In some ways, by Graeme Simsion is a light, fun read for book clubs that need a break from heavy books. Simsion does, however, give groups plenty to discuss about Asperger syndrome, love, and relationships. Hopefully, these questions will help you have fun discussing the book. Spoiler Warning: These questions contain details from the end of the novel. Finish the book before reading on. Discussion Questions Dons character is both more aware of some dynamics (social, genetic, etc) and also very oblivious to some of these. Take, for instance, when he is giving the lecture on Asperger syndrome and he says, A woman at the rear of the room raised her hand. I was focused on the argument now and made a minor social error, which I quickly corrected.The fat woman— ​an overweight woman—at the back? (10)What are some other examples of this kind of behavior that you remember from the novel? How did this add humor?The reader is supposed to understand that Don has Asperger syndrome. If you know anyone with this diagnosis, did you think it was an accurate portrayal?There were several times in the novel when Don misses the social rules, but the case he makes for his side is very logical. One example is the Jacket incident (43) when he does not understand that jacket required means suit jacket and tries to argue all the ways his Gore-tex jacket is superior. Did you find this, and ot her times like it, amusing? What were some of your favorite scenes? Did hearing his perspective make you rethink social conventions? (Or consider using the standardized meal plan?)Why do you think Don is so drawn to Rosie? Why do you think Rosie is drawn to Don?At one point, Don says about one of the father candidates, Apparently he had been an oncologist but had not detected the cancer in himself, a not-uncommon scenario. Humans often fail to see what is close to them and obvious to others (82). How does this statement, about people failing to see what is in front of them, apply to the different characters in the novel?Why do you think Don was so successful at selling cocktails? Did you enjoy this scene?The novel mentions that Don struggled with depression in his early twenties and also talked about his strained relationship with his family. How did he cope with these issues? Are he and Rosie similar in the ways they deal with hard parts of their past?What did you think of Gene and Claudias relationship? Was Genes behavior humorous or frustrating to you?Did you think it was believable in the end that Don would be able to see from the Deans perspective, the perspective of the student who cheated, Claudias perspective, etc? Why or why not?Did you guess who Rosies real father was? Which parts of the Father Project did you like the most (the basement confrontation, the bathroom escape, the trip to the nursing home, etc)?Graeme Simsion published a sequel to The Rosie Project in December 2014—The Rosie Effect. Do you think the story could go on? Would you read the sequel?Rate The Rosie Project on a scale of 1 to 5.

The Importance of Ethical Integrity Essay - 1611 Words

What is ethical integrity and why is it important? This paper will address the viewpoint of ethical integrity and its outcome. Ethical Integrity is a favorably sensible method for doing what is right when it comes to people dealing with people. In today’s society, ethical integrity has become a modern lifestyle. When a person has a strong moral character, they are said to be a person of integrity and to live a honest life is said to be the most important virtue a person can have. Consistency is a concept of ethical integrity and people should act according to their moral principles. In other words, people should do what they say. For example, if a company owner speaks about the need to improve productivity in the workplace, he/she would†¦show more content†¦In general, in order for a corporation to maintain long-term success, ethical integrity must include the following standards from the entire staff: being trustful, meeting obligations, and being respectful. For instance, if an employee is hurt on the job, it is the employer’s ethical duty or obligation to do the right thing by offering compensation for the employee’s injuries, since the incident occurred in the workplace. Another example why ethical integrity is important in the workplace is when the headship of a business is dishonest and has no respect for their employees; as a result, the employees will show lack of integrity in return and eventually, poor performance will be expressed and the business reputation will be damaged. Consequently, respect would not be attained between the proprietor and staff members because of lack of integrity. Integrity in the workplace should influence employees to imitate those in authority with ethical standards to ensure positive conduct. â€Å"While business integrity is parallel to business ethics, honesty in a business will promote a truthful reputation, which will eventually gain respect† (Bigelow, 2005, para. 1). The need to have ethical integrity in the workplace is important to the stability and enduring success of any company because when decent decisions are made, ethics come into play. Accordingly, most corporations have a code of ethics in placeShow MoreRelatedEthical And Ethical Aspects Of Business Ethics1350 Words   |  6 Pagescompany may have high standard to define for better working environment. -guides the conduct of all stakeholders for the execution of their responsibilities. Well-formed ethical principles provide benefits to an organization. but besides benefits ethical wrongdoings harms business management in many ways. Some of These ethical violations can be listed as theft, misreporting of working time, sexual harassment, misuse of power and authority, conveying incorrect information to customers or employeesRead MoreWhat Is Business Ethics?1294 Words   |  6 Pagesby the set of standards that are defined. Companies around the world observe these ethical principles strictly; ensuring that all of their employees follow the rules. When an employee is hired he has moral as well legal obligations. The employee is expected to work as per the requirements in his contract. He should treat others with legitimacy and dignity. One should always have a thought process of making ethical judgments, for example compare the views and experience of the observer with what isRead MoreEthics And Ethics Of Business Ethics1304 Words   |  6 Pagesdrastically and are an integral part of building an individuals as well as a business’s reputation. Business Ethics So, what exactly is business ethics? â€Å"Business ethics is a form of applied ethics or professional ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. It applies to all aspects of business conduct and is relevant to the conduct of individuals and entire organizations.† – Wikipedia. In simpler words, business ethics refers to the moralRead MoreBusiness Ethics, Corporate Social Responsibility, Integrity, And Integrity1318 Words   |  6 Pagessociety. It also explains the concept of integrity and its importance is our career. Keywords: business ethics, university ethics, corporate social responsibility, integrity ESSAY ON BUSSINESS ETHICS Let’s kick off this topic with a quote from Robert W. Lane, the Chairman and CEO of Deere Company, â€Å"If you don’t have honesty and integrity, you won’t be able to develop effective relationships with any of your stakeholders.† This is the basis of an ethical approach to relationships within businessRead MoreEthical and Socially Responsive Business1082 Words   |  5 PagesEthical and Socially Responsive Business Ethics and social responsibility are important areas within Chipotle Mexican Grill’s business. Both areas have an interactive relationship that plays a role in building profitable businesses as well as a well-rounded community. Ethics refer to sets of beliefs about right and wrong; and business ethics involve the application of these issues in the workplace. The universal ethical standards, which involve trustworthiness, respect, responsibility, fairnessRead MoreImportance of Ethics in Accounting1065 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: IMPORTANCE OF ETHICS IN ACCOUNTING Importance of Ethics in Accounting Everest University Importance of Ethics in Accounting Accounting fraud is common but is not as trivial as the common cold; a typical organization loses annual revenues of nearly 5 percent to fraud. In addition, almost one-quarter of reported fraud is exceeding $1 million dollars. The accounting industry is constantly growing and changing. Consequently, difficult decisions have to be made every day. Read MoreThe Moral Ethical Guidelines Of A Shot Manipulation And The Dependence On A Machine1092 Words   |  5 Pagesjournalists’ integrity to provide accurate news to the public. He also indicates the existence of two moral dilemmas in photojournalism profession: post- shoot manipulation and the dependence on a machine to make a decision rather than a human being, as well as the ethical problems that come with the two moral dilemmas such as inconsistency, lack of integrity, and inaccuracy. He also presents two important questions to discuss. The first question at stake is what are the proper ethical guidelines ofRead MoreBusines s Ethics : Ethical And Ethical Issues1360 Words   |  6 Pagesethics can be defined as the set of moral values and codes or standards of conduct in an organization. According to Wikipedia – â€Å"Business ethics (also corporate ethics) is a form of applied ethics or professional ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. It applies to all aspects of business conduct and is relevant to the conduct of individuals and entire organizations.† The particulars and specifics of the codes and standards mentionedRead MoreThe Importance Of Management And The Success Of A Company1192 Words   |  5 PagesEvaluating the importance of management and integrity as essential elements to the success of a company Introduction When it comes to the coordination of activities of an or organization or a company in order to achieve its desired objectives, the importance of management should never be underestimated, management itself is a large and complex topic with all organizations having its goals and objective in which its management process will need to attain desired success for the company, using GlobalRead MoreSocial Work Ethics And Personal Ethics1489 Words   |  6 Pagesmay have different beliefs. Comparing my values to those of the social work code of ethics will show the converging and diverging between the two with a focus on three of the social work code of ethics: dignity and worth of the individual, integrity, and importance of human relationships. My personal values diverge from the social work values and codes of ethics in many different ways, but there are also times where they both converge with each other. Although they may be different in some ways, my

Reporting Of Non Financial Information †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Reporting Of Non-Financial Information? Answer: Introduction With the emergence of knowledge-based economy, the companies have increased their disclosure of both financial and non-financial information. The primary objective of this has been seen in form of informing the investors on the uncertainty of future earnings, amount and timing. In the recent times, the companies are increasingly publishing information associated to environmental and sustainable aspects of their operations. The aforementioned disclosures usually take place with corporate social responsibility report and sustainability reports. Certain companies may incorporate disclosures of non-financial information to improve their credibility and acceptance of the key market components. This in turn helps the companies in undertaking successful business decisions. With the increasing concern for achieving a top position in sustainability index several companies are considering to improve the way in which non-financial information is being reported. The report is intended to identif y and discuss the nature of the non-financial information and economic consequences. It further aims to present how the non-financial information should be reported. The latter part of the report shows the integration of both the concepts and the consequences of non-financial information reporting (Global Reporting Initiative, 2013). Nature of non-financial information and economic consequences The main form of non-financial reporting is done in two ways namely sustainability reporting and integrated reporting. Sustainability reporting is defined as the process of disclosing and gathering of non-financial information of a company associated to ethical matters, environmental performance, social values and defining measurements. It acts as the indicator of sustainability goal for the companys strategy (Melis et al., 2015). The integrated reporting on the other hand acts as a process of combining several financial and sustainability reports into a single report which explained the companys ability to create and sustain value. The integrated reporting of the company may be supported by the integrated reporting framework. The integrated reporting consists of elements from both financial statements and sustainability reporting. The use of non-financial information has resulted in new forms of analysis known as extra financial analysis. Hence, the performance of enterprise is no longer conditioned only by the financial resources and controlled entities, but it also depends on a complex set of intangible resources created by previous activities (Skouloudis et al., 2014). The balanced scorecard is often identified as the first focus towards disclosure of non-financial information. The economic consequences are seen as the debt market impact and capital market. Several researchers have identified the economic consequences as return on assets, return on equity, return on sales, debt equity ratio, net sales, total assets, equity, debt asset ratio and profit incurred by the company. Some of the impacts of the economic consequences have been seen in terms of changes associated to net sales, total assets and equity of the company (Martani et al., 2014). Reporting of non-financial information The reporting of non-financial information as sustainability reporting may be done as per the Global Reporting Initiatives methodology. This is identified as the best guideline report sustainability practice of the company. The main guidelines for reporting of non-financial information are suggested by Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), ISO 26000, ILO Core Conventions and European Commission Directive (Cheng et al., 2013). The OECD guidelines are addressed by the government to the multinational enterprises and some of the member countries under these guidelines include Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Germany, U.S., UK and among many others. This particular guideline is able to ensure that enterprises report their sustainability matters to spend on the mutual confidence among the society in which they operate. This further enhances to improve the foreign investment climate and contributions made in terms of sustainable development by the various types of multinational enterprises. The latest edition of this guideline for the works for areas associated to human rights, environment, combating bribery, consumer interests, competition and taxation (Mohamad et al., 2014). The GRI is identified as a leading body by providing organisations with the most suitable sustainability reporting guidelines. It is seen to promote the sustainability reporting so that the organisations are able to contribute in a more sustainable manner. The sustainability framework under the GRI guidelines shows the organisations how they can disclose the sustainability performance through technical protocol and sector supplements (Global Reporting Initiative, 2013). It is an identified that there are number of guidelines which are associated to specific non-financial reporting brought together by UN compact- the United Nations global compact. This is identified as the strategy policy initiative for the businesses which are seen to be committed for aligning their operations with the strategies associated to anticorruption, environment, human rights and labour (Martnez-Ferrero et al., 2015). The ISO 26000 provides the guidance for social responsibility. It is seen as a non-mandatory standard which aims at the different types of organisations to encourage implementation of social responsibility worldwide. This particular standard shows how business and organisations can operate in a more socially responsible manner. This is has been considered in terms of ethical and transparent way of contributing to the welfare of the society. The ISO 26000 guideline is associated to provide the relevant guidance irrespective of their location and size. Under the guideline several concepts, definition and terms are provided associated to social responsibility. It further shows the reporting standards based on background, trends and characteristics of the social responsibility. The next important aspect of these guidelines shows communicating commitments, performance and other information associated to corporate social responsibility. It also encourages the companies to include core subj ects and issues associated to social responsibility (Lawrence, 2013). The ILO core conventions follow eight conventions for reporting of adherence to the fundamental rights of human beings at work. Some of the conventions include forced labour, freedom of association and protection of rights to organise, abolition of forced labour, equal remuneration and a minimum age Convention (Lawrence, 2013). The European commission directive is aimed to enhance the transparency among the large companies on reporting of matters associated to environment and social issues. The main objective of this reporting is identified to improve the transparency and performance based on social matters, environment and long-term economic growth and employment in the country (Tang, 2014). Consequences of non-financial information reporting Some of the main benefits of the non-financial reporting have been seen in terms of attracting, retaining and maintaining satisfaction in the workplace. It has been further identified to improve the reputation of business, differentiated from the competitors and provide new business opportunities. Some of the benefits to the customers of non-financial information reporting have been identified in terms of strengthening customer retention, enhancing relationship with stakeholders and suppliers (Bertomeu Magee, 2015). Based on the propositions made by European commission the disclosure of non-financial information for large companies has a significant amount of impact on the investors. The most important source of non-financial information for the investors has been identified in terms of CSR/ sustainability reports. The real effect of non-financial disclosure is able to determine the concern for environmental impacts in form of carbon footprints, sustainability issues and social matters. This in turn influences the investors to access a company in a holistic way rather than just considering the financial growth. The corporate social responsibility is identified as a precondition for the issue which is being taken into consideration. Several other approaches has been linked with cost of capital, tax rates, operating margin, duration of cells and growth of sales and the results have depicted that the disclosure of non-financial aspects improves the aforementioned areas of the company in the long te rm. Several other researchers have able to identify that there is a strong relationship between financial indicator index and human resources, environmental policies and social responsibility (Mohamad et al., 2014). The researchers are further able to depict a positive relationship between production subcategory and financial indicator index. Some of the other categories of information associated with the financial indicator index are seen in terms of human resource, board of directors, competition and marketing strategies. The overall studies conducted by the researchers have been able to highlight a remarkably positive relationship between the financial and the non-financial information disclosures. The research has been further able to identify that the companies were having a better financial indicator also had a better disclosure for non-financial disclosures (Milost, 2013) Conclusion The discussions of the study have been able to successfully identify the economic consequences on the non-financial information published by the companies. The several aspects of the research have further included the disclosure standards of various different countries and the standard guidelines. The study has identified the two important categories of non-financial information as integrated report and sustainability report. It is further identified the main nature of economic consequences are debt market impact and capital market. Some of the main guidelines for the reporting standards associated to non-financial disclosures have been covered by mentioning OECD, GRI), ISO 26000, ILO Core Conventions and European Commission Directive. The main benefits of the non-financial reporting have been seen in terms of attracting, retaining and maintaining satisfaction in the workplace. The researchers are further able to depict a positive relationship between production subcategory and finan cial indicator index. Some of the other categories of information associated with the financial indicator index are seen in terms of human resource, board of directors, competition and marketing strategies. The overall studies conducted by the researchers have been able to highlight a remarkably positive relationship between the economic consequences and the non-financial information disclosures. Reference list Bertomeu, J., Magee, R. P. (2015). Mandatory disclosure and asymmetry in financial reporting. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 59(23), 284299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2014.08.007 Cheng, M., Dhaliwal, D., Zhang, Y. (2013). Does investment efficiency improve after the disclosure of material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting? Journal of Accounting and Economics, 56(1), 118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2013.03.001 Global Reporting Initiative. (2013). A smart EU policy approach to non-financial information disclosure. GRI Report, 19. Retrieved from https://www.globalreporting.org/resourcelibrary/GRI-non-paper-Report-or-Explain.pdf Lawrence, A. (2013). Individual investors and financial disclosure. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 56(1), 130147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2013.05.001 Martani, D. W. I., Nastiti, D., Wicaksono, P. T. (2014). Disclosure of non-financial information about public services on the official website of local governments in Indonesia. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, 66(2), 500512. Martnez-Ferrero, J., Garcia-Sanchez, I. M., Cuadrado-Ballesteros, B. (2015). Effect of financial reporting quality on sustainability information disclosure. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 22(1), 4564. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1330 Melis, A., Gaia, S., Carta, S. (2015). Directors remuneration: A comparison of Italian and UK non-financial listed firms disclosure. British Accounting Review, 47(1), 6684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2014.08.004 Milost, F. (2013). Information Power of Non-Financial Performance Measures. International Journal of Business Management Economic Research, 4(6), 823828. Retrieved from https://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.liv.ac.uk/login.aspx?direct=truedb=bthAN=92986906site=eds-livescope=site Mohamad, Z., Mohamed, S., Ismail, D., Ibrahim, T. C. (2014). Does quality of non-financial information disclosure influence firms profitability in Malaysia? International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting Finance and Management Sciences, 4(4), 297306. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARAFMS/v4-i4/1360 Skouloudis, A., Jones, N., Malesios, C., Evangelinos, K. (2014). Trends and determinants of corporate non-financial disclosure in Greece. Journal of Cleaner Production, 68, 174188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.12.048 Tang, Y. (2014). Information disclosure and price discovery. Journal of Financial Markets, 19(1), 3961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.finmar.2014.03.002

The Chambered Nautilus Essay Research Paper CHAMBERED free essay sample

The Chambered Nautilus Essay, Research Paper CHAMBERED Nautilus ( NAUTILUS POMPILIUS ) STEVEN HEGARTY CHAMBERED NAUTILUS L. KOCH MARINE SCIENCE 12/21/99 Hegarty 1 The chambered nuclear submarine is a cephalopod, which besides includes calamari, octopus, and cuttlefish, which belongs to mollusca. There are several species of the nuclear submarine, which include Allonautilus scrobiculatus, Nautilus belauensis, Nautilus macromphalus, Nautilus pompilius, Nautilus repertus, and Nautilus stenomphalus. The nuclear submarine is found in merely a 15degree set near the equator in the Pacific Ocean. ( soest ) The nuclear submarine has been around for over 500 million old ages, and has changed at all. It was one time one of the many different sorts of shelled cephalopods, but now is the lone one left. ( all resources ) The nautilus scopes from 500 to 1000 ft. under the ocean along reef inclines and walls. Nautiluss are scavengers feeding largely on crustaceans. Nautiluss live so deep because if they deeper than 800m there shells will go off and at 500m there shells will deluge. We will write a custom essay sample on The Chambered Nautilus Essay Research Paper CHAMBERED or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Nautiluss prefer H2O temperatures of around 21degrees C, that is another ground they live so deep. ( ozeman ) At dark the nuclear submarines rise to the deepness of 100 to 200 ft. to eat, though they are non nocturnal. This is the lone clip scientists have been able to analyze the nuclear submarine in it s natural home ground, and yet they still have to pin down them to detect them. The scientists use a trap, made out of either mesh or plastic, with a 12 hole in it. The trap is baited with fish or even sometimes even chicken. The scientists let the net set for the dark and draw it up the following forenoon to recover the gimmick. Due to the fact that the Chamberss in the nautilus s shell are filled with air, the animate being is unhurt when brought to the surface. ( underwater ) Hegarty 1 Nautiluss spend a batch of their clip rolling the underside. They propel themselves with a flexible tubing like jet. This jet can be directed at any angle to maneuver themselves around the reef. ( underwater ) Above its jet the nuclear submarine has a beaked oral cavity, like tha T of other cephalopods. Around the oral cavity there are 80 to 100 really gluey tentacles, which enables the nuclear submarine to draw nutrient closer to it s oral cavity, such as the molted skeleton of spiny or slipper lobster. The full organic structure of this animal is located in the first chamber of the shell. When threatened the nautilus screens it s full organic structure with a tough flexible covering. ( submerged ) . The nautilus needs this sort of protection from animals like triggerfish, sea polo-necks, and sharks. ( Mrs. Koch ) The shell of the nuclear submarine is alone in which the interior is riddled with Chamberss ( 38 Chamberss ) . The nautilus uses these Chamberss to travel itself up and down in the H2O column. Even though the shell resembles that of a snail, the nuclear submarine is more closely related to the cephalopods. This form helps the nuclear submarine from being crushed under the tremendous force per unit area. ( Mrs. Koch ) Nautiluss can turn to every bit much as 12 in diameter and weigh 2 pound. The nautilus doesn T reach sexual adulthood until 15 to 20 old ages of age. Unlike other cephalopods, the nautilus lives after reproduction. Scientists re non certain as to how old nuclear submarines get to be. The nuclear submarines lay 1 + long eggs, which hatch into babes an 1 in diameter. ( Mrs. Koch ) The shells of the nuclear submarines have long been prized by worlds for their natural beauty. In the Tanon Strait of the Philippines the hole nautilus population has been wiped out because of over fishing and the fact it takes so long for nuclear submarines to make sexual adulthood. ( Mrs. Koch ) [ Online ] Chambered Nautilus Research Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //makana.mic.hawaii.edu/aquarium/naut.htm ( 99dec17 ) [ Classroom ] Lisa Koch Available: mateslk @ hotmail.com ( 99dec2 ) [ Online ] Nautiloidea Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //soest.hawaii.edu/tree/cephalopoda/nautiloidea/nautiloidea.html ( 99nov30 ) [ Online ] Kevin Davidson Underwater Photo Tips Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.underwatercolours.com/nautilus.html ( 99dec12 ) [ Online ] Cephalopods Of The Coral Sea Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.underseaexplorer.com/nautilus/nautilusreport.html ( 99dec12 )

The Lend-Lease Act in World War II

The Lend-Lease Act in World War II The Lend-Lease Act, formally known as the An Act to Promote the Defense of the United States, was passed March 11, 1941. Championed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the legislation allowed military aid and supplies to be offered other nations. Passed before the United States entered World War II, the Lend-Lease Program effectively ended American neutrality and offered a means for directly supporting Britains war against Germany and Chinas conflict with Japan. Following the American entry into World War II, Lend-Lease was expanded to include the Soviet Union. During the course of the conflict, around $50.1 billion worth of materials were supplied on the premise that it would be paid for or returned. Background With the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, the United States assumed a neutral stance. As Nazi Germany began winning a long string of victories in Europe, the administration of President Franklin Roosevelt began seeking ways to aid Great Britain while remaining free of the conflict. Initially constrained by the Neutrality Acts which limited arms sales to cash and carry purchases by belligerents, Roosevelt declared large amounts of American weapons and ammunition surplus and authorized their shipment to Britain in mid-1940. He also entered into negotiations with Prime Minister Winston Churchill to secure leases for naval bases and airfields in British possessions across the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic coast of Canada. These talks ultimately produced the Destroyers for Bases Agreement in September 1940. This agreement saw 50 surplus American destroyers transferred to the Royal Navy and Royal Canadian Navy in exchange for rent-free, 99-year leases on various military installations. Though they succeeded in repelling the Germans during the Battle of Britain, the British remained hard-pressed by the enemy on multiple fronts. Royal Navy and U.S. Navy sailors inspect depth charges aboard Wickes-class destroyers, in 1940 before their transfer to the Royal Navy. Library of Congress The Lend-Lease Act of 1941 Seeking to move the nation towards a more active role in the conflict, Roosevelt wished to provide Britain with all possible aid short of war. As such, British warships were permitted to make repairs in American ports and training facilities for British servicemen were constructed in the U.S. To ease Britains shortage of war materials, Roosevelt pushed for the creation of the Lend-Lease Program. Officially titled An Act Further to Promote the Defense of the United States, the Lend-Lease Act was signed into law on March 11, 1941. This act empowered the president to sell, transfer title to, exchange, lease, lend, or otherwise dispose of, to any such government [whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the United States] any defense article. In effect, it allowed Roosevelt to authorize the transfer of military materials to Britain with the understanding that they would ultimately be paid for or returned if they were not destroyed. To administer the program, Roosevelt created the Office of Lend-Lease Administration under the leadership of former steel industry executive Edward R. Stettinius. In selling the program to a skeptical and still somewhat isolationist American public, Roosevelt compared it to loaning a hose to a neighbor whose house was on fire. What do I do in such a crisis? the president asked the press. I dont say... Neighbor, my garden hose cost me $15; you have to pay me $15 for it - I dont want $15 - I want my garden hose back after the fire is over. In April, he expanded the program by offering lend-lease aid to China for their war against the Japanese. Taking swift advantage of the program, the British received over $1 billion in aid through October 1941. An American light tank is unloaded at a central ordnance depot in England, part of a lend-lease shipment from the United States. Library of Congress Effects of Lend-Lease Lend-Lease continued after the American entry into the war following the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941. As the American military mobilized for war, Lend-Lease materials in the form of vehicles, aircraft, weapons, etc. were shipped to other Allied nations who were actively fighting the Axis Powers. With the alliance of the United States and the Soviet Union in 1942, the program was expanded to allow their participation with large amounts of supplies passing through the Arctic Convoys, Persian Corridor, and the Alaska-Siberia Air Route. As the war progressed, most of the Allied nations proved capable of manufacturing sufficient frontline weapons for their troops, however, this led to a drastic reduction in the production other needed items. Materials from Lend-Lease filled this void in the form of munitions, food, transport aircraft, trucks, and rolling stock. The Red Army, in particular, took advantage of the program and by wars end, approximately two-thirds of its trucks were American-built Dodges and Studebakers. Also, the Soviets received around 2,000 locomotives for supplying its forces at the front. Reverse Lend-Lease While Lend-Lease generally saw goods being provided to the Allies, a Reverse Lend-Lease scheme also existed where goods and services were given to the United States. As American forces began arriving in Europe, Britain provided material assistance such as the use of Supermarine Spitfire fighters. Additionally, Commonwealth nations often provided food, bases, and other logistical support. Other Lead-Lease items included patrol boats and De Havilland Mosquito aircraft. Through the course of the war, the United States received around $7.8 billion in Reverse Lend-Lease aid with $6.8 of it coming from Britain and the Commonwealth nations. End of Lend-Lease A critical program for winning the war, Lend-Lease came to an abrupt end with its conclusion. As Britain needed to retain much of the Lend-Lease equipment for postwar use, the Anglo-American Loan was signed through which the British agreed to purchase the items for approximately ten cents on the dollar. The total value of the loan was around  £1,075 million. The final payment on the loan was made in 2006. All told, Lend-Lease provided $50.1 billion worth of supplies to the Allies during the conflict, with $31.4 billion to Britain, $11.3 billion to the Soviet Union, $3.2 billion to France and $1.6 billion to China.

The Right and Wrong of Writing

The Right and Wrong of Writing The Right and Wrong of Writing The Right and Wrong of Writing By Mark Nichol Who or what determines what is correct form in writing, and what is incorrect? Many nations have an official body that regulates the national language to protect it from extinction or at least from degradation. (France’s Academie Francaise, in particular, seems to exist primarily to prevent pollution of the French language by importation of English words let me know how that works out, mes amis). This paternal protection, however, does not extend to grammar and punctuation and the like. The United States is not among those countries with prose police, but our library and bookstore shelves groan with dictionaries and grammar, usage, and style manuals as well as handbooks that guide us in our use of punctuation and the Internet abounds with more of the same. These resources are not necessarily engrossing reading (unless you’re a word nerd), but they are exemplary models in practicing what they preach, and they are likely to be much more reader-friendly than the dread-inducing language arts textbooks of our schooldays. Why, then, has the quality of writing declined so dramatically that we might benefit from an English Academy one devoted not to language purity (which words we use, and which ones we don’t) but to monitoring the written form of that language? The democratization of publishing is primarily responsible, I think. Because, thanks to the dramatic increase in options for businesses and organizations to disseminate information by way of text online and in print, and because of the ease of self-publishing the same media affords anyone with access to them, more and more people who don’t pay attention to such details are writing and being read, which of course exposes so many more people to the errors. Thus, erroneous usage not just in hyphenation, punctuation, spelling, and other mechanical mistakes but also in infelicities of grammar, syntax, usage, and other more substantial elements of writing is multiplied virally because of the shift in the signal-to-noise ration: Fewer people are reading rigorously written and edited prose, and more people are reading writing crafted with less care. This, I believe, is the culprit in the decline of quality in published writing I’ve observed over the years both as an editor and as someone who takes a busman’s holiday every time I read for information or pleasure. The reason for the decrease in consumption of meticulously produced content is twofold. Fewer people actively seek good writing. But equally culpable are the publishing industries, the erstwhile guardians of good writing, which compromise the quality of periodicals and other publications because they discourage labor-intensive practices necessary for producing high-quality writing, practices inimical to lean-business strategies that result in high profits. This issue brings up a question I’m surprised people don’t ask more often: In the realm of writing, if so many people do something seen as wrong or nonstandard, doesn’t that make it right? After all, that’s how new laws are written and how societal mores changes. And that’s how language changes. So, if the majority of writers write, â€Å"You and me† at the head of a sentence instead of â€Å"you and I† (or reverse their preferences when the phrase is the object of a sentence), why is the former usage considered incorrect and the latter one deemed the acceptable way? The majority seems to beg to differ. Because language doesn’t turn on a dime. For sanity to prevail, there must be a period of time between shifts in rules of usage and punctuation and other elements of writing in which we respond to â€Å"Everybody else does it† the way a parent would react to that type of justification uttered by a willful teenager: â€Å"Well, if everybody else went and jumped off a cliff, would you?† By the same token, we need to scold writers by saying, â€Å"Well, if everybody uses comma splices, does that mean you should, too?† At the risk of seeming like a strict parent, that’s why I’m going to defend my rigor by saying that popular usage is not a standard. It is not a guidebook. And I will follow my own counsel: I will adhere to the rules (unless I have an indefensible reason to break one now and then), and I will exhort others to do the same. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Synonyms for â€Å"Angry†50 Idioms About Meat and Dairy ProductsPreposition Mistakes #3: Two Idioms

Proof reading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Proof reading - Essay Example The system I developed is more suitable for hot-dry climate area. Now I am looking forward to expanding my experience by getting relevant employment.   I have completed two years job contract as a project engineer for Knowledge Transfer Partner (KTP) Association; this was a joint program between Cooper Technology and University of Nottingham. I have handled a project with a budget of ?200,000, which entailed designing and manufacturing of a new unbound material tester which called Precision Unbound Material Analyzer (PUMA). I carried out this project by myself; starting from market awareness, project management, designing and manufacturing of the product to testing the product, promotion and selling of the product. My educational background is in engineering only, however with the help of my KTP job I have had the opportunity to learn management as well. This opportunity was provided by KTP when they enrolled me in a number of training courses including those for project management , marketing, finance and leadership, software package training course, etc. I have had the opportunity to learn the process to request the UK Patent for the PUMA. Currently, the UK Patent Application No. of the PUMA is 1014471.5.

ISMG Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

ISMG - Essay Example Secondly, there was the change in organizational structure to fit the organizational culture and climate of the old Mrs. Field Company. This action was perhaps in relation to the fact that the existing staffs who were to manage the new group of companies had to continue with an organizational system that they were more comfortable with. Finally, Mrs. Field adapted the existing name of Mrs. Field for the new group of companies rather than maintaining the La Petite Boulangerie for the new venture. As the saying goes, there is no smoke without fire. Indeed, Mrs. Field took the three actions discussed above for a reason. In the first place, Mrs. Field is reported to have said that â€Å"we absorbed many of the overhead functions into our existing organization including accounting, finance, personnel, human resources, training, and development† (Richman, 1989). This means that as long as positions in the acquired company such as accounting, finance, human resource and training all existed in the old company, the Fields’ felt that there was no need bringing in new set of hands to do what was already being done by existing set of hands. The Fields had therefore thought of increasing their savings by reducing cost on human capital development and payment. The second action of changing the organization structures must have been with the mentality that the staff who were going to handle the affairs of both Mrs. Fields and La Petite Boulangerie needed to operate with set of organizational structures that they were more conversant with. Since the staff-base had virtually not changed, there was the ideology that changing the organizational structure would have given the staff more concepts to learn. On the decision to maintain the name, Mrs. Fields’ we are told that â€Å"the Mrs. Fields name was demographically well established,

Protein Energy Malnutrition Essay Example for Free

Protein Energy Malnutrition Essay The articles subject concerns the protein deficiency among infants in the Osun state of Nigeria. Nursing frequency and duration experienced a reduction during complementary food were introduced to infants in Osun. Mothers tend to be complacent in feeding their babies with complementary food, which result to the minimized breast-feeding of mothers that hinders the natural nutrition that these infants need.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In a study conducted among Osun infants, they discovered that it was not a advisable for children at this age to be fed by such synthetic food. Consumption of such tends to halt the natural nourishment the babies need from their mothers. As early as two years old, babies were exposed already to complementary food, which is against the requirement of the World Health Organization (Ogunba, 2004). According to WHO, the amount of protein and calories (energy) that were consumed by infants were not above standard levels because these foods contain excess amount of carbohydrates alone (Ogunba, 2004). Obviously, the nutritional requirement of an infant is not met due to the outcome of early supplementation of these synthetic food. Infants natural diet should require constant breast-feeding in which they are enable to consume protein from milk. Unfortunately, this apt nutritional nourishment is ignored by the mothers in Osun (Ogunba, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In a study conducted among Osun infants, protein energy malnutrition was discovered that it was in constant depletion. The lack of protein among the infants resulted to â€Å"stunting†. Stunting   has a significant presence in the rural areas, which is an indication of chronic under-nutrition in these areas (Ogunba, 2004). It was discovered that stunting was among the culprits of infant growth faltering, as a result from the consumption of complementary food, children from one to six months of age were experiencing a decrease in growth and health progress (Ogunba, 2004). Stunting is the most prevalent of the different manifestations of PEM (33.9 per cent), followed by underweight (21.0 per cent) and wasting (9.2 per cent) (Ogunba, 2004). Children need protein more than adults do because they are constantly growing and developing. The protein requirement of infants is per unit of body weight higher than those of adults. Reference Ogunba,B. (2004). Protein energy malnutrition in complemented breast-fed babies: implications of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   the timing of complementary feeding. Nutrition Food Science. Retrieved February 10,   Ã‚  Ã‚   2008, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://swtuopproxy.museglobal.com/MuseSessionID=af57a678251afeca8c38cca61826cae/   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   MuseHost=www.emeraldinsight.com/MusePath/Insight/ViewContentServlet?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0170340504.html

A NATIONAL FARMING CRISIS :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Towards the end of the nineteen twenties and through the nineteen thirties of the twentieth century the United States was struck with the largest economic dilemma; the Great Depression. Throughout the Great Depression president’s Herbert Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt tried their hardest at reconstructing the nation’s economy so that it would be able to continue it’s path to becoming the world’s greatest nation ever. However, it was a long and several times unsuccessful road which would come to see more than two decades when traveling down it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During this great depression the farmers of America were greatly effected, maybe more than any other single group of persons in the nation (Bubble Bursts, 133). What came to be known as â€Å"Hoovervilles† popped up across the country, composed primarily of unavailing farmers and their families. In the central area of the United States is where most farmers were affected as it was made of mostly plains and open dirt roads. It was here in central America that farmers gained their most known name used throughout the Depression, â€Å"okies†. These, simply, were the farmers which harshly suffered during the economic downfall. Through times of terror and hardship, when the nation’s economy bottomed out, America’s farmers were faced with the most complex quandary ever; the national farming crisis of the Great Depression.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is overt to all persons that when materials are grown or produced for sale that a profit is to be made so that money is made back. Between the years of nineteen fifteen and nineteen-nineteen many farmers in the United States actually prospered very well (Baughman, 89). This acute onset of â€Å"good times† was a direct result of European agriculture being temporarily destroyed by World War I (89). As Europe looked to rebuild domestic agriculture they simultaneously looked at nations afar to ephemerally support them. The United States was one of these nations which was looked to for help. Using the supply and demand theory American farmers increased and expanded their supply of crops in order to meet the short-term demand of Europe. This proved to be detrimental to the farming economy of America just several short years later (89).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eventually, â€Å"†¦Europe was recovering and beginning to rebuild its agricultural sector, it no longer needed to import huge amounts of farm products from abroad†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Baughman, 89). It was at this time in the early nineteen twenties that the economy of American farming began to plump downward.

Making and Adoption of Health Data Standards

Critical Analysis Paper: The Making and Adoption of Health Data Standards Health Data Standards (HDS) are a key part of the construction of a National Health Information Network (NHIN). Having these standards will increase interoperability of various groups and organizations, improve safety, lower costs, and enable providers in all aspects of healthcare to access the same patient medical information easily and efficiently. W. E.Hammond (2005), discusses the urgent need for HDS, the process of creating these standards, problems and issues regarding the development and implementation of these standards, and he suggests possible solutions to these issues. According to Hammond (2005), HDS are crucial to building an interchange of health data between different sites involved in patient care, building a population database for public health surveillance and bioterrorism defense, creating a network of personal health records and a regional health network, and the development of a â€Å"pat ient centric† electronic health record.Interoperability is discussed as the goal of the development of HDS. Interoperability is the ability of different organizations, structures, and systems to work together and communicate; sharing information, by using common words and data elements. These common data elements; such as medications, measurements, or lab tests, must be in the same â€Å"language† for different systems to be able to access them. Hammond suggests, however, that no one has been able to define the data standards necessary for the development of a functional NHIN.No successful resolution or plan has been put into place to create a system of data standards in the United States. Although there are standards that exist, there is no nationwide coordination of these standards which would make them useful. HDS are created for the benefit of patients, vendors, healthcare organizations, the government, and society in general. Hammond (2005) relates these standards to the barcode system used in grocery stores or the standardization of ATM machines to accept all kinds of debit cards. Even though different â€Å"brands† are competing against one another, standardization will benefit all involved parties.A single, integrated system is the best solution. Using different systems requires the use of expensive, custom made interfaces. HDS would avoid this problem. To develop standards, the individual organizations involved must â€Å"buy-in† to the acceptance process. Hammond suggests that standards can be created by interested parties who join to create a standard, the government, marketplace competition and the adoption of new technology, or by a formal consensus process lead by an organization such as the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).ANSI is a private, non-profit organization which administers and coordinates United States voluntary standards activities. It defines the formal balloting process for HDS which is used by most Standards Development Organizations (SDOs). Hammond lists several issues with the progress and acceptance of HDS. These include competition between SDOs, problems with the balloting process, the interest of vendors, HIPAA standards, and the involvement of stakeholders. Since healthcare is such a dynamic field, new standards must be approved often.This process is taking too long and has caused administrative burdens in trying to fill in the gaps. There is also a lack of funding for the development of HDS. In addition, there is no universally agreed upon method of approving standards in a timely fashion to ensure that vendors make money on their products while keeping up with rapidly changing standards. A registry for data elements is also needed and has yet to be developed. Finally, stakeholder input is needed in the standards development process and this has also posed a challenge.Clinical specialist input is increasingly important in order to develop a set of standards which is relevant to healthcare workers in the field. Building this type of knowledge base has been difficult, according to Hammond (2005). Hammond (2005) suggests that past efforts to identify and create standards have been poorly executed and in order for the US health care system to move forward, current issues must be resolved. He suggests that a neutral, non-profit organization in the private sector should be authorized to manage HDS. Funding should come from membership dues, revenue from services, and the federal government.Clinical groups should volunteer to share their expertise to help create new standards. These steps, he claims, will resolve the issues currently hindering the advancement of HDS development. These ideas, however, are neither new nor untested. Hammond’s ideas have been used in the past in the quest for a NHIN and they have not yet been successful. The process of finding successful HDS is not simple and finding a solution will not be as easy as Hammond sugg ests. References Hammond, W. E. (2005). The making and adoption of health data standards. Health Affairs, 24(5), 1205-1213. doi: 10. 1377/hlthaff. 24. 5. 1205

Lawrence’s Presentation of Elizabeth Bates in Odour of Chrysanthemums Essay

Odour of Chrysanthemums is a short story by D. H. Lawrence, written in the autumn of 1909. It is set in Nottinghamshire and tells the tale of a coal miner’s wife, a young mother, waiting for her abusive husband Walter to come home. She blames his drinking for his absence. It turns out he has been killed in a pit accident. The story describes the setting before the discovery of his death and the aftermath. The main character in the story is Elizabeth Bates, mother of two and wife to Walter, the coal miner. Elizabeth, the protagonist of the story, is first introduced by Lawrence in a descriptive tone. He describes her as being a tall woman of imperious mien, handsome, with definite black eyebrows. The fact he calls her handsome, a word usually used for describing men, shows that she may carry some male qualities, such as strength. Also, Elizabeth has smooth, black hair parted exactly. Along with her dark eyebrows, this darkness could show a stern side and her hair being parted exactly shows precision and order of which she may have in her life; a routine, a daily schedule. She closed and padlocked the door also, which shows her need for security. Lawrence writes about Elizabeth standing steadily for a few moments watching the miners as they passed along the railway shows that she is curious to know where her husband is. She calls her son, John, and when he replies and she cannot see him she looks piercingly through the dust. She is afraid that he is at the brook, which she had previously told him to avoid. When she sees him hiding before the raspberry canes, she was pleased and gently asked him to come inside. This shows that she is a responsible mother who looks out for her children’s safety and security. This is a major theme given off in Elizabeth’s character. On his way into the house, John tears the wisps of chrysanthemums and drops the petals in handfuls along the path. Elizabeth says ‘Don’t do that- it does look nasty’. Chrysanthemums are a symbol in the book and her saying this indicates that she does not like the flowers. However, she picks one herself and when they get home, instead of disposing of it; she tucks the little flower into her apron. Keeping the chrysanthemum shows that the flowers have meaning to Elizabeth; this also reflects the reason as to why she finds them â€Å"nasty†, indicating to the reader that they do not hold the most pleasant memories for her. After this first appearance of chrysanthemums, Elizabeth and her father begin suspecting her husband has gone drinking yet again. The reader also finds out the fate of Elizabeth’s husband, though it is through mere foreshadowing. â€Å"Her husband did not come home.† Elizabeth channels her husband through her son when she sees him struggling with a knife and a piece of wood. She saw herself in his silence and pertinacity and the father in her son’s indifference to all but himself. She then pieces together what Walter was doing and glances at the clock, which shows impatience and, again, curiosity. When she ventures out to strain the potatoes in the yard she again watches the men trooping home, fewer and fewer. You can tell she is getting more anxious on why her husband has not returned. We see Elizabeth’s temper when she finished her barely eaten meal rose up from the table with evident anger and exclaimed how scandalous it is for a man to not come home to his dinner and hints that he has gone to the pub while she waits. Walter seems to be a recognizable brand of â€Å"bad husband,† and Elizabeth, the put-upon wife and mother, seems to be a clear victim. Her frustration and harsh words about Walter seem fully justifiable. Elizabeth clearly sees herself as having wasted her life with Walter, missing out on a better life she could have had with someone else. However when she comes down from putting the children to bed Lawrence describes the room as empty, which could show that her life is in fact empty without her husband. Elizabeth is certain of disaster as the story leads on, which we see from the very start. The story reaches its climax when Walter’s mother turns up at Elizabeth’s house. We see juxtaposition between Elizabeth and the grandmother. The elder woman is described to be very troubled, weeping without wiping her eyes, the tears running however stopped by Elizabeth’s directness when she said ‘Is he dead?’ We also see the difference of the two when Lawrence describes Elizabeth as having her thoughts elsewhere. She thought about the economic difficulties his death could bring upon her, and if he was hurt she was thinking of how tiresome he would be to nurse. Lastly she considers the children. The fact she shows little emotion towards the fact that her husband may well be dead agrees with the ea rlier point of Elizabeth being a long-suffering wife who deserves sympathy. Her response to Walter’s death reveals that she is not as blameless for her unhappiness as she first appears. At first, Walter seems to be the clear cause of Elizabeth’s difficult life. When his death is finally reviled the old woman drops into a chair and starts to wail and weep (a typical response to such news) but Elizabeth tells her to hush and not to wake the children, appearing to not be affected. When they both heard the details of his horrific death the grandmother continues to wail and cry, and Elizabeth again tells her to be quiet and not to wake the children. This shows her maternal side, and is showing the grandmother that she is a good mother like she herself boasts about. Elizabeth’s dismal view of her fate changes once Walter’s corpse is brought home. As Elizabeth and her mother-in-law undress and wash Walter’s body, much like a parody of the two women attending to the body of Christ, Elizabeth confronts her role in the marriageâ€⠄¢s failure. When she looks at the corpse, she realizes that for years, she has not really seen Walter. He was her husband but distant from her, and she feels â€Å"ashamed† because she had not allowed him to be himself. Instead of feeling anger and resentment, she recognizes that her own expectations and refusals helped tear them apart. She describes her unborn child as ice in her womb, ice of fear. She has no-one to support her anymore. This may be the reason why she ‘winced with fear and shame’ from the death. The pity she feels for Walter sharply contrasts with her earlier harsh view of him, serving as an epiphany—she suddenly recognizes Walter as a human being, rather than simply a difficult burden. Elizabeth realizes she has been culpable in her own unhappiness. At the end of the story, she submits to both life and death as her â€Å"masters,† humbled by her own mistakes and about to carry on with a new perspective.

Politics of Western Europe Essays - Michael Ignatieff, Free Essays

Politics of Western Europe Essays - Michael Ignatieff, Free Essays Politics of Western Europe November 17, 1994 Politics of Western Europe BLOOD AND BELONGING This is a critique of the book, Blood and Belonging, by Michael Ignatieff. This paper will explain the subject of the book and its relevance, discuss Michael Ignatieff's methods and conclusions on the subject and finally include a personal critique of the book by the author of this paper. The author of the book travels on what he terms "the six journeys." On these "journeys" he encounters different cultures, as he travels to six different coinciding areas of the world. He examines the unique expression of nationalism that each populace displays by interviewing various members of that particular society. The six areas that he travels to are specifically chosen for the clarity which nationalism is expressed in society. Nationalism is a factor contributing toward both present possible future instability in these areas. These areas are former Yugoslavia (specifically Croatia and Serbia), Germany, Ukraine, Quebec, Kurdistan and Northern Ireland. According to Ignatieff, in Croatia and Serbia there is a desire for a separate identity between the two nations. The fear of losing one's national identity has caused ethnic hatred. A terror so strong and historically persistent, it has driven people to a desperate state to do anything. This is a large contributor to the reasons for the extreme violence present there today. The author states, "A Croat, thus, is someone who is not a Serb. A Serb is someone who is not a Croat." This quotation profoundly expresses the short-sighted mentality present in their conflict. In his travels in Germany, the author points out an important question. Does the nation make the state, or the state the nation? This question by far does not stop here, especially when Germany is the subject. The essence of the German people is seen by some as aggressive and offensive, thus the existence of the German problem. If the nation makes the state then Germany will always be a threat. If the state makes the nation, then the aggressive nature of the German nation, which lead the world into two global wars, can be harnessed and redirected. The question has its roots and answers in the recent reunification of Germany. The Ukraine is concerned with not being Russian. It is here Ignatieff receives a complete vision of what nationalism is. He states, "I understand what nationalism really is: the dream that a whole nation could be like a congregation; singing the same hymns, listening to the same gospel, sharing the same emotions, linked not only to each other but to the dead buried beneath their feet." Quebec is a model that presents a possible future of the state system. Ignatieff uses the example of Quebec to illustrate the relationship between nationalism and federalism. He implies that "if federalism fails in Canada it can fail anywhere." If the balance between "ethnic and civil principles" is not maintained in Canada, who is not an impoverished country and has a large, successful economy; then perhaps the modern world has not transcended the grasps of nationalism. The Kurds represent a nation without a state, who find themselves surrounded by other nations who are more aggressive nationalists. The term Kurdistan is a definition of the areas used by Ignatieff to explain the area of major Kurdish populace concentration. There is no real borders, no flag, no government and Kurds must acknowledge the state in which they reside (i.e., - Syria, Turkey, Iran and Iraq), of which, is not Kurdistan. Finally, the sixth journey ends in Northern Ireland. He makes the observation that this is the ideal place to conclude his project. Northern Ireland contains a recurrence of the themes that seemed so prevalent in the other journeys. In Ireland ethnicity, religion and politics are all bound into one expression or identity. These are also evident in the five previous studies. Is Michael Ignatieff's work relevant? The answer to this question is, yes it is. The issue is important. Nationalism presents itself as a phenomenon. The questions of why people need to retain a cultural identity and the way they go about preserving it is still unanswerable. Evermore unfathomable is the violence permeated through nationalistic expressions, which are "necessary" by the parties involved. The very existence of the enigma

Elizabeth Keckley, Mary Lincolns Dressmaker and Friend

Elizabeth Keckley, Mary Lincolns Dressmaker and Friend Elizabeth Keckley was a former slave who became the dressmaker and friend of Mary Todd Lincoln and a frequent visitor to the White House during the presidency of Abraham Lincoln. Her memoir, which was ghost-written (and spelled her surname as Keckley though she seemed to have written it as Keckly) and published in 1868, provided an eyewitness account to life with the Lincolns. The book appeared under controversial circumstances, and was apparently suppressed at the direction of Lincolns son, Robert Todd Lincoln. But despite the controversy surrounding the book, Keckleys accounts of Abraham Lincolns personal work habits, observations on the everyday circumstances of the Lincoln family, and a moving account of the death of young Willie Lincoln, have been considered reliable. Fast Facts: Elizabeth Keckley Born: About 1818, Virginia.Died: May 1907, Washington, D.C.Known for: Former slave who opened a dressmaking business in Washington, D.C., before the Civil War and became a trusted friend of Mary Todd Lincoln.Publication: Wrote a memoir of life in the White House during the Lincoln administration which provided unique insight into the Lincoln family. Her friendship with Mary Todd Lincoln, though unlikely, was genuine. Keckleys role as a frequent companion of the first lady was depicted in the Steven Spielberg film Lincoln, in which Keckley was portrayed by actress Gloria Rueben. Early Life of Elizabeth Keckley Elizabeth Keckley was born in Virginia in 1818 and spent the first years of her life living on the grounds of Hampden-Sydney College. Her owner, Col. Armistead Burwell, worked for the college. Lizzie was assigned work, which would have been typical for slave children. According to her memoir, she was beaten and whipped when she failed at tasks. She learned to sew growing up, as her mother, also a slave, was a seamstress. But young Lizzie resented not being able to receive an education. When Lizzie was a child, she believed a slave named George Hobbs, who belonged to the owner of a another Virginia farm, was her father. Hobbs was allowed to visit Lizzie and her mother on holidays, but during Lizzies childhood the owner of Hobbs moved to Tennessee, taking his slaves with him. Lizzie had memories of saying goodbye to her father. She never saw George Hobbs again. Lizzie later learned that her father was actually Col. Burwell, the man who had owned her mother. Slave owners fathering children with female slaves was not uncommon in the South, and at the age of 20 Lizzie herself had a child with a plantation owner who lived nearby. She raised the child, whom she named George. When she was in her mid-twenties, a member of the family who owned her moved to St. Louis to begin a law practice, taking Lizzie and her son along. In St. Louis she resolved to eventually buy her freedom, and with the help of white sponsors, she was eventually able to obtain legal papers declaring herself and her son free. She had been married to another slave, and thus acquired the last name Keckley, but the marriage did not last. With some letters of introduction, she traveled to Baltimore, seeking to start a business making dresses. She found little opportunity in Baltimore, and moved to Washington, D.C., where she was able to set herself up in business. Washington Career Keckleys dressmaking business began to flourish in Washington. The wives of politicians and military officers often needed fancy gowns to attend events, and a talented seamstress, as Keckley was, could obtain a number of clients. According to Keckleys memoir, she was contracted by the wife of Senator Jefferson Davis to sew dresses and work in the Davis household in Washington. She thus met Davis a year before he would become president of the Confederate States of America. Keckley also recalled sewing a dress for the wife of Robert E. Lee at the time when he was still an officer in the U.S. Army. Following the election of 1860, which brought Abraham Lincoln to the White House, the slave states began to secede and Washington society changed. Some of Keckleys customers traveled southward, but new clients arrived in town. Keckley's Role In the Lincoln White House In the spring of 1860 Abraham Lincoln, his wife Mary, and their sons moved to Washington to take up residence in the White House. Mary Lincoln, who was already gaining a reputation for acquiring fine dresses, was looking for a new dressmaker in Washington. The wife of an Army officer recommended Keckley to Mary Lincoln. And after a meeting at the White House on the morning after Lincolns inauguration in 1861, Keckley was hired by Mary Lincoln to create dresses and dress the first lady for important functions. There is no question that Keckleys placement in the Lincoln White House made her a witness to how the Lincoln family lived. And while Keckleys memoir was obviously ghost-written, and is no doubt embellished, her observations have been considered credible. One of the most moving passages in Keckleys memoir is the account of the illness of young Willie Lincoln in early 1862. The boy, who was 11, became sick, perhaps from polluted water in the White House. He died in the executive mansion on February 20, 1862. Keckley recounted the sorrowful state of the Lincolns when Willie died and described how she helped prepare his body for the funeral. She vividly described how Mary Lincoln had descended into a period of deep mourning. It was Keckley who told the story of how Abraham Lincoln had pointed out the window to an insane asylum, and said to his wife, Try to control your grief or it will drive you mad, and we may have to send you there. Historians have noted that the incident could not have happened as described, as there was no asylum within view of the White House. But her account of Mary Lincolns emotional problems still seem generally credible. Keckley's Memoir Caused Controversy Elizabeth Keckley became more than an employee of Mary Lincoln, and the women seemed to develop a close friendship which spanned the entire time the Lincoln family lived in the White House. On the night Lincoln was assassinated, Mary Lincoln sent for Keckley, though she did not receive the message until the following morning. Arriving at the White House on the day of Lincolns death, Keckley found Mary Lincoln nearly irrational with grief. According to Keckleys memoir, she remained with Mary Lincoln during the weeks when Mary Lincoln would not leave the White House as Abraham Lincolns body was returned to Illinois during a two-week funeral which traveled by train. The women stayed in touch after Mary Lincoln moved to Illinois, and in 1867 Keckley became involved in a scheme in which Mary Lincoln tried to sell some valuable dresses and furs in New York City. The plan was to have Keckley act as an intermediary so buyers would not know the items belonged to Mary Lincoln, but the plan fell through. Mary Lincoln returned to Illinois, and Keckley, left in New York City, found work which coincidentally put her in touch with a family connected to a publishing business. According to a newspaper interview she gave when she was nearly 90 years old, Keckley was essentially duped into writing her memoir with the help of a ghost writer. When her book was published in 1868, it attracted attention as it presented facts about the Lincoln family which no one could have known. At the time it was considered very scandalous, and Mary Lincoln resolved to have nothing more to do with Elizabeth Keckley. The book became hard to obtain, and it was widely rumored that Lincolns oldest son, Robert Todd Lincoln, had been buying up all available copies to prevent it from achieving wide circulation. Despite the peculiar circumstances behind the book, it has survived as a fascinating document of life in the Lincoln White House. And it established that one of the closest confidantes of Mary Lincoln was indeed a dressmaker who had once been a slave. Sources: Keckley, Elizabeth. Behind the Scenes, Or, Thirty Years a Slave and Four Years In the White House. New York City, G.W. Carleton Company, 1868. Russell, Thaddeus. Keckley, Elizabeth.  Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History, edited by Colin A. Palmer, 2nd ed., vol. 3, Macmillan Reference USA, 2006, pp. 1229-1230.  Gale Virtual Reference Library. Keckley, Elizabeth Hobbs.  Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed., vol. 28, Gale, 2008, pp. 196-199.  Gale Virtual Reference Library. Brennan, Carol. Keckley, Elizabeth 1818–1907.  Contemporary Black Biography, edited by Margaret Mazurkiewicz, vol. 90, Gale, 2011, pp. 101-104.  Gale Virtual Reference Library.

W 9 Chemicals and Pests- Discussion- environmental Essay

W 9 Chemicals and Pests- Discussion- environmental - Essay Example As for ants, we either flush them away with cold water or we wipe the ants up in a damp rug and rinse the rug in order to wash the ants down the drain. Since my mom has been growing a small pocket garden in the front of our house for a number of years now, I do not really mind the use of fertilizers in gardens and lawns since it helps to ensure a good plant growth. However, my mother uses organic fertilizers for this purpose and not chemically treated fertilizers. The only chemical that she uses on her plants is something called Malathion which, I have to admit, has a rather offensive smell once it is sprayed on the plants. I believe that fertilizers are a necessary evil in the development and aesthetic development of plant growth. Does its aesthetic benefits outweigh the negative effects? I would have to say that it does not because it directly affects my health. However, these negative effects only come into play when using artificial fertilizers. The same does not apply when using organic

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Assignment - Essay Example You will find that the currency policy can have an effect on the stability of a country's economy. Attached you will find the evaluation of the foreign currency regimes utilised by some of the major countries in the Asian region. Australia and Indonesia operate on a free floating regime, whereas Hong Kong is pegged at a fixed rate to the US dollar and China and Malaysia operate a managed float system. Their central banks have operations details in line with their government's monetary policy. A detailed analysis explains that each regime has strengths and weaknesses; however the pegged exchange rate system has the most drawbacks and the most potential for economic crisis. A free floating system allows a currency to be valued purely by the market however it relinquishes control of the central bank to the world market. A managed float allows for more control over the market and greater currency stability however it has some of the drawbacks of a pegged rate system. The appendices outline currency volatility given the type of exchange rate as well as the strengths and weaknesses of each type of currency regime. There are a variety of exchange rate mechanisms that a country can choose to use in order to value their currency. Each mechanism has its own strengths and weaknesses and each country creates an exchange rate policy that they feel will help to keep their currency stable. Since the currency crisis of 1997 in the Asia Pacific region, many countries in this region have revised their monetary policies away from a strictly pegged exchange rate system. Pegged exchange rate systems seek to tie the value of one countries currency (usually a less stable economy) to that of the currency of a country with a very stable economy. However it can be difficult for a country to maintain this peg in times of economic crisis. More countries are now moving towards floating or managed exchange rate systems. Floating exchange rate systems allow a currency's value to be determined by the market, in other words to float freely in relation to other traded currencies. A country that does not have a stable ec onomy may be hesitant to use this method as their currency may be severely devalued in an open market. Managed float systems are a hybrid of a pegged and floating system. In a managed float a country lets its currency float in the market, but only allows it to float within an accepted range compared to other currencies. Outlined below are the exchange rate mechanisms and operations employed by several countries in the Asian region, as well as an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the different mechanisms utilised. 2. Country Specific Exchange Rate Regimes 2.1 Australia The Reserve Bank of Australia maintains a floating exchange rate policy. The goal of their policy is, "the stability of the currency of Australia, the maintenance of full employment in Australia, and the economic policy and welfare of the people of Australia (Reserve Bank of Australia 2006, para. 2). Overall the Australian government is concerned with keeping inflation rates low. The Reserve bank of Australia is the institution charged with maintaining the exchange rate pol

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Untapped Mineral Resources And Their Potential Environmental Sciences Essay

Untapped Mineral Resources And Their Potential Environmental Sciences Essay Pakistan is blessed with huge mineral potential like coal copper, gold, limestone etc.   However, we have not yet been able to promote growth and alleviate poverty by exploiting our mineral resources as is done by other developing countries. Our efforts for mineral development has been limited to few industrial minerals such as limestone, rock salt, marble, gypsum and a very less amount of coal for internal power generation. 2. Our mineral resources are enormous and emerging as a promising country for exploration of minerals. Pakistans more than 6, 00, 000 sq kms  [1]  of outcrop area demonstrates varied geological potential for metallic / non-metallic mineral deposits. Exploration work and geological surveys have confirmed our great potential in the metallic as well as industrial minerals like copper, gold, silver, platinum, iron, lead, zinc, granite and marble. All these minerals have got huge prospects for exporting to the world. 3. Currently about 52 minerals  [2]  are under exploitation but on a small scale. The major contribution is of coal, rock salt, and other industrial and construction minerals. Value addition in the mineral sector is mainly concentrated in five principal minerals i.e. limestone, coal, gypsum, sulphur, oil and gas. The current contribution of mineral sector to the GDP is about 0.5% and is likely to increase considerably on the development of mineral projects like Reco Diq, Duddar Zinc lead and Thar coal. On the government level there is a requirement to put more serious efforts in the development of this promising prospect. AIM 4. To carryout comprehensive study of the mineral resource potential of Pakistan vis a vis impediments towards their development and its ramifications on the economy with a view to recommend viable response options. SCOPE 5. The discourse of the paper will follow the sequence as under :- Part I Mineral Resources of Pakistan Part II Untapped Minerals and their Potential Part III Economy and Mining of Mineral Resources Part IV Impediments towards the development of Mineral Resources Part v Recommendations for Viable Response Options Conclusion PART I MINERAL RESOURCES OF PAKISTAN 6.  [3]  Mineral resources for a country are like a wealth and Pakistan by the grace of Allah Almighty is gifted with enormous mineral resource potential. Presently 52 minerals are under exploitation but the major production is of coal, rock salt and other industrial minerals. The value addition in the mineral sector is mainly concentrated in five principal minerals i.e. limestone, coal, gypsum, sulphur, oil and natural gas. Mining industry in Pakistan is dominated by the public sector through Federal and Provincial development corporations. The public mining corporations such as PUNJMIN is involved in the mining of 8 minerals, Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation in 11 minerals, FATA Development Corporation in 10 minerals, Balochistan Development Authority in around 40 minerals, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Development Authority in 4 minerals and Azad Kashmir Mineral and Industrial Development Corporation in 12 minerals . 7. Foreign investors are mainly from China due to their historic friendship with Pakistan. Besides this, there has been little or investment in mineral exploration. So far whatever development has occurred is restricted to simple technologies and foreign investors without investing in the modern management and technological fields. Consequently mineral exploitation contributes only 0.5% of GDP  [4]  . Realizing the vast potential of the mineral sector, there is a great opportunity for the multinational companies to invest in this sector and be beneficial to our economy as well as themselves. 8. Top Fifteen Minerals of Pakistan  [5]   a. Aluminium b. Iron Ore c. Copper d. Chromite Ore e. Zinc / Lead f. Coal g. Gypsum / Anhydrite h. Phosphates i. Rock Salt j. Solar Salt k. Magnesite l. Limestone for lime m Kaolin (China Clay) n. Building stones i.e. Granite, Marble and Onyx o. Gemstones 9. Mineral Resources in Punjab  [6]   a. Iron ore. Large iron ore deposits are present in Punjab. Major deposits are in Kalabagh(Mianwali district). b. Coal. In Punjab coal is present in Salt Range. Coal deposits in this region are 235 million tons with average quality coal. c. Gypsum. Punjab stands 2nd in gypsum reserves. Major deposits in Dadukhel are about 53 million tons. Other major reserves are in Khewra and D.G. Khan. d. Salt. Salt deposits are mainly found in the salt Range. Rock salt is mined at Khewra, Warcha, Kalabagh, Bhadurkhel, Jatta, karak ,Chakwal and Khushab mines. According to Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation, reserves of rock salt are around 600 million tons. e. Lime stone. Lime Stone is present in salt Range Potwar Plateau, Margalla Hills and Zinda Pir (Attock) in large deposits. f. Aluminium. It is found in Khushab district,but graded as low quality Aluminium. g. Calestine. Celestite is used in flares, tracer bullets, warning fuses and fire-works. It is found in Daud Khel. h. Natural oil. All major oil fields are located in potowar plateau. A brief description is given In following table:- i. Natural gas. Major gas resources are in Uch near Multan and Adhi in Rawalpindi district, supplying a gas of 18Mcf/day   . j. Marble. Main marble reserves are in Dalbandin Hills in Attock District 10. Mineral Resources in Sindh  [7]   a. Coal. Pakistan has total coal reserves of 185 billion tons, out of which 184 Billion tons are in Sindh. It is one of the biggest good quality lignite deposits in the World. b. Salt. Bright prospects exist for the development of high purity solar salt facility around the coastal areas of Karachi. c. Limestone. It is found in Kot Diji, Ranipur, Ganjo Takkar, Murli Hills, Mango Pir and Cape Monze. d. Aluminium. In Sindh Aluminium is found in Kirthar Nits. e. Carbonate Soda. Present in large quantity in Nawabshah, Umerkot ,Nara Taluka( Khaipur) and Shah Bandar. f. Calestine. The estimated reserves are 300,000 tons. In Sindh, Calestine deposits are found in Thana Bula Khan. g. China Clay. It is found in Nagar Parkar (Tharparkar) and used in cement, paper, rubber filter manufacturing. h. Natural Oil. There are three renowned oil fields in Sindh which are briefly described in tabular form below:- i. Natural   Gas. In Sindh Natural Gas is found in Khairpur, Kandkot , Mari, Golarchi and Khaskheli. 11. Mineral Resources in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa  [8]   a. Chromite. Deposits in Dargai (0.7 Mt), Heroshah (0.1 Mt) have been proven. Similarly in Pattan and Chilas areas prospects appear to contain 0.2 Mt reserves. b. Coal. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa there is no large deposit of coal. Two small ones are briefly described in tabular form:- c. Bauxite.  Ã‚   Bauxite ismainly found in Hazara District. Details are as under :- d. Gypsum. The largest gypsum reserves in Pakistan are in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, which are primarily found in D.I.Khan and Kohat districts. e. Phosphates. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa   contains Cambrian sedimentary phosphates mainly in Abbottabad. f. Magnesite. In Abbottabad established reserves around 11 million tons geological 3 million tons mineable containing acceptable   46%      47%   magnesium oxide are present.   g. Limestone. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Northern Areas the average annual production of limestone is 8697 Metric tons. h. China Clay. Presently the major production comes from shah Dheri, Swat .. i. Marbles. Marbles of different classifications occur in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Northern Areas. 158 million tons out of 160.2 million tons of marble reserves, are in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. j. Gem Stones. Pakistan ranks amongst leading gem-hosting countries. Emerald, Ruby, Pink Topaz and Peridot are found in Hunza and AJK. k. Soap Stone. Its deposits are in Sherwan and Abbottabad districts. Soap stone is used in Ceramics and soap industries. 12. Mineral Resources in Balochistan  [9]  . Out of 50 minerals being mined 40 are being exploited in Balochistan:- a. Aluminium. Large deposits are in Kalat, Ziarat and Loralai districts. Khakhan-China spring mine in Loralai district produces 2000 tons annually. b. Iron Ore. More than 903.4 million tons of iron ores are found in Pakistan and potential ore deposits in Balochistan are the following: Copper. The significance of copper resources of Pakistan is widely known.Copper reserves are present in Saindak and Reko-diq in Balochistan. d. Chromite Ore. Major deposits are found in Muslim Bagh, Noshki, Ras-koh, Dilbadin and Khuzdar districts. e. Zinc. The Jurassic rocks of the Lasbela Khuzdar Belt have the potential to host several World class zinc lead ore deposits. Zinc deposits in Duddar Gunga   are estimated over 160 million tons. f. Coal. In Balochistan about 217 million tons of coal is estimated. Thà ¨se Resources are distributed in Hamai, ,Duki ,Mach-Abegum   Pir Ismail Ziarat   Bar khan Chamalang. g. Natural Gas. Total Natural gas reserves in Pakistan are estimated at about 31 trillion cubic feet. In the Province of Balochistan, the reserves are in Pirkok, Sui ,Mazarani, Golarchi. h. Manganese. Manganese is found in Lasbela and Khuzdar and estimated reserves are 0.477 million tons. i. Limestone. In Balochistan average annual production of limestone is 8697 Metric tons. j. Magnesite. In Balochistan it is found in Muslim bagh and Bela. k. Gypsum. According to geological survey of Pakistan, about 2000 million ton gypsum resources are present in different areas of Balochistan. l. Antimony. Antimony deposits have been sporadically mined near Qila Abdullah in district Pishin of Balochistan. m. Marble. Large deposits of marble are present in Balochistan, about 2 million ton high quality Marble is present in Chagai district. n. Gems. Discoveries in Chagai, Panjgur, Kalat and Killa Abdullah. o. Aragonite. It is found in Khuzdar and Loralai. PART II UNTAPPED MINERAL RESOURCES AND THEIR POTENTIAL 13. Despite the fact that Pakistan is bestowed with huge mineral potential the overall contribution of this sector in GDP is merely 0.5%, which warrants extensive efforts to harness this unexplored wealth. The untapped mineral resources are discussed in subsequent paragraphs  [10]  :- a. Platinum. The Chilas rock body with indications of Platinum and Platinum-group elements occurrences belongs to the largest basic intrusions in the world which are continuously exposed. Similarly area between Jijal and Patan, Allai in Kohistan and Malakand Agency, west of Dargai bears Platinum and Platinum-group elements. b. Antimony. Antimony is an important metal which is used for making and antimony salt is used in the production of safety matches, in percussion caps of cartridge and in tracer bullets. Antimony reserves have been recently discovered by GSP in Kharan district. Present estimates of available ore are 26,000 tons and the antimony content of the ore varies from 7 to 12% (Hussain, 1974). c. Copper. Copper is used in electrical industry, automobiles, airplanes, conductors and circuit breakers due to its high electrical and thermal conductivity and strength. Geological Survey of Pakistan has discovered copper at Saindak, Dasht-e-Kain, Missi and Ziarat Pir Sultan.Massive sulphide type copper deposits have been reported from Chagai, Lasbela and Khuzdar districts. Mineral deposits at Saindak are in table-1 and estimated recoverable quantities of different metals are reflected in table-2. Table 1 : Saindak Copper Reserves  [11]   Deposit Reserves (million tones) (% of copper) South Ore Body 111 0.430 East Ore Body 273 0.340 North Ore Body 28 0.440 Table 2 : Estimated Quantities of Metals and their Values  [12]   Metals Current Price (In USS) Value (in million USS) Copper 1.69 million tones 2000 / tones 3,380.00 Gold 2.24 million ounces 387 / oz 867.00 Silver 2.49 million ounces 5.0 / oz 12.45 d. Gold. In the present day world along with its major consumption in Jewelry, gold is being used as an important industrial metal also. In the Chagai area, Geological Survey of Pakistan has identified at least 12 porphyry type deposits which may contain appreciable quantities of gold along with copper and silver.Similarly clusters of gold and silver have also been discovered in Drosh district Chitral ,Sargodha, Mansehra and Muzaffarabad. e. Iron. Iron is used for making steel and a number of other alloys. Many small and large deposits of iron ore have been found in Dilband, Chilghazi, Chigendil and Pachin Koh districts of Balochistan. The iron ore deposits recently discovered by the GSP at Uthal appear to be of economic value. Estimated iron reserves and quality are given in Table-3. Table 3 : Iron Reserves and Quality of Iron Ores in Balochistan  [13]   Ser Area / Locality Reserves (million tons) Quality Chemical Mineralogical 1. Dilband, Kalat District 250 40-60% Sedimentry ore with predominant heamatite 2. Chagai District (Chigendil, Pachin Koh, Chilghzi) 85 20-55% Magnetite. 3. Uthal Lasbela District, Balochistan Not estimated Up to 45% Metamorphie ore with predominant magnetive. Total :- 335 f. Lead Zinc. Lead and Zinc metals form important alloys having varied uses in industry and ammunitions. The geological Survey of Pakistan has discovered several deposits of lead and Zinc ore in Lasbela Khuzdar region of Balochistan. Deposits at Gunga, Surmai and Duddar have been investigated in some details by GSP and are expected to be around 10 million tons each. g. Chromite. Chromite is mainly used in the manufacture of stainless steel and as refractory material. Chromite is found in Zhob, Killah Saifullah, Chagai, Kharam, Khuzdar and Lasbela districts as podiform type. A total production of 25,735 tons was achieved during the year 2002-2003. h. Manganese. Manganese ores are found in Lasbela, Khuzdar, Chagai and Zhob districts. The manganese occurrences in Chagai district are found as coating and film in the quartz veins cutting limestone beds. A total of 580,500 tons of manganese ore has been estimated in various deposits. The average range of manganese content is 8.2% to 50.56%. i. Fluorite. It is mainly used as flux in steel making and is the only source of fluorine which is required for hydrofluoric acid and other fluorine compounds. Fluorite is found in Maran, Dilband and Pad Maran areas. The reserves are estimated over 0.1 million tons . j. Gypsum and Anhydrite. Balochistan has very large reserves of gypsum/ anhydrite found at spintangi and Chamalang. Estimated gypsum reserves are given in table . 4. Table: 4 Major Gypsum Deposits of Balochistan  [14]  . Deposits/ Localities Reserve of million of tons Insoluble% R2O3% CaO% MgO% SO3 H2O% CaS O421 12O% CaSO4% Spintangi Range Analysis 0.5 0.30 0.50 32.30 0.68 47.30 18.20 High Gypsum 0.60 0.40 32.67 0.32 47.44 19.10 k. Baryte. The baryte deposits are located in the area between Uthal and Khuzdar. Deposits at Gunga near Khazdar and Daddar in Lasbela dirtrict are estimated over 12 million tons. The production from indigenous deposits meets the total requirement of baryte for oil well drilling and barium based chemical plants of the country. l. Dimension and Decorative Stones. The ones most commonly used are onyx marble and granite. Marble is used in building facings, bathrooms and floor tiles / handicraft items. Onyx marble of high quality is found in Chagai District / Gilgit Baltistan. Granite occurs in Chagai , Zhob, Kila Saifullah and Lasbela. m. Gemstones. Northern areas are marked by GSP as ruby-bearing marble zone. Similarly in Swat district few deposits are expected of gemstones. n. Limestone. Pakistan has vast resources of limestone extending from the coastal region near Karachi to as far north as the Chagai and Zhob. These rocks generally contain over 80% calcium carbonate,less than 5 %silica and less than 1% iron oxide making them suitable raw material for the cement manufacturing. o. Coal. According to estimates prepared by GSP, Pakistan has total coal reserves of 185 billion tons, out of which 184 billion tons are in Sindh. One of the biggest good quality lignite deposit is in Thar, Thar coal is of relatively good quality and is likely to be operational by Dec 2013  [15]  .There are six coal areas in Balochistan where coal mining activities are in progress i.e. Harnai, Duki, Daghari, Pir Imail Ziarat, Mach and most recently in Chamalang area but it has been abandoned due to a tribal conflict. The coal resources of Balochistan are described below:- Table No. 5 Summary of Coal Resources of Balochistan (Million tons)  [16]   S.No Coalfield Proved Indicated Inferred Hypot-hetical Total Mineable (1) Khost Shahrig Harnai 13 63 76 8 (2) Sor Range Daghari 15 19 16 50 9 (3) Duki 14 11 25 50 8 (4) Mach Abegum 9 14 23 5 (5) Pir Ismail Ziarat 2 2 8 12 12 (6) Chamalang 1 5 6 0.6 Total:- 54 13 134 16 217 32 p. Gas  [17]  . Zin block is surrounded by major natural gas producing fields of Pirkoh, Loti, Sui and Uch. 22 trillion cubic feet of projected gas reserves are expected in Kohlu district, therefore OGDCL has applied for security cover for four licenses i.e. Kohlu, Jandran, Jandran West and Kalchas. OGDCL is the largest upstream company in the country , as of December 2010 it holds 48 percent of the countrys recoverable oil reserves and 37 percent of the countrys recoverable gas reserves. PART III ECONOMY AND MINING OF MINERAL RESOURCES 14. Growing demand for mineral resources such as aluminium, nickel, copper and zinc by developing markets in Asia has contributed to a surge in mineral prices. Driven by the prospect of higher revenues, developing countries are increasingly turning to their minerals wealth as a source of growth and new economic development opportunities  [18]  . 15. The extractive industry sector is very diverse. Classification may refer to scale of operation, nature of activity (underground, off-shore, open-cast, etc.), material extracted (industrial minerals, gemstones, precious metals, oil and gas etc), utility (energy, metallic and non-metallic) or degree of capitalization. However, the unique feature of all extractive operations is that the resource being extracted is non-renewable. Therefore goal of non-renewable resource exploitation, should be the conversion of natural capital into other forms of capital. In terms of scale, there are three general levels of extractive operation as under  [19]  :- a. Large Scale. Capital-intensive and multinational companies use extraction and processing technologies that require high levels of investment and skills. Significant revenues, economies of scale and efficiencies result from these operations. b. Medium Scale. Includes state run enterprise such as national oil and gas producers and numerous expansionary juniors (with less than USD 100 million assets) in the hard rock mining sector. c. Artisanal and Small Scale Mining (ASM). Old mining methods i.e rudimentary technology, minimal capital investment , high labour intensity and low levels of technology for extraction and processing. It is estimated that ASM produces up to 31% of the global production of minerals including 20% to 30% of gold, 20% of coal, 10% of diamonds and 75% of non-diamond gemstones. 16. The Economics of Mining  [20]  . Minerals represent only a small part of world production and global FDI flows, however their supply is essential to modern economies. Major contributions of mining in economy are:- a. The contribution of Mining to Growth, Exports and Fiscal Revenues. Accurate statistics of the economic benefits derived from mining are difficult to obtain, especially when the full scale range of the sector is considered. For example, the informal and frequently illegal nature of ASM activities results in significant losses of potential government revenues. Where figures are available metal exports constitute a large part of total exports for several countries like in Tanzania, mining represents 40 % of national exports, 75% of foreign direct investments and is estimated to have contributed about 6 % of the total annual GDP growth rate of 4.8 % between 1996 and 2003 (ICMM / World Bank, UNCTAD, 2006a). Many governments derive a large part of fiscal revenues from the mining sector. In Botswana more than half of fiscal revenues are derived from mining (USGS, 2005) whereas mining accounts for 43% of government revenues in Peru (gold, copper, zinc, etc). b. The contribution of Mining to Employment and subsistence. The ILO has estimated that the mining sector employs 22 to 25 million people worldwide, approximately 1% of the total global workforce (ILO, 2007). Large-scale mining is capital-intensive activity requiring increasingly higher skills levels. The artisanal sector is coupled with the fact that mining may be pursued during periods of agricultural inactivity or underemployment. The sector often operates in poor / remote locations so as to provide pro-poor benefits which private sector or government are unable to provide. 17. Potential of Mining to Lift the Poor Out of Poverty  [21]  . The track record of countries with the opportunity to convert resource abundance into broader development goals is often disappointing. Resource abundance often does not translate into economic prosperity. Mineral wealth and its proper exploitation would form the basis for economic growth, poverty reduction and sustained development. However some of the most resource rich countries had the highest levels of poverty, corruption and conflict. 18. The evolution of mining codes has been described as having three phases. The first has been characterized by major withdrawal of state intervention. The second places greater emphasis on the responsibilities of companies for socio-economic development. In Mali, for example companies are required to pay a tax directly to regional governments for re-allocation to local communities. The third places greater emphasis on the participation of affected people and enhanced government responsibility for environmental and social safeguards. The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), for example, has made provision to ensure revenue distribution to those directly impacted by mining companies (60% of royalties remain with the central government, 25% go to the provinces and 15% to the community where the mining occurs (CASM, 2007). PART IV IMPEDIMENTS TOWARDS THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINERAL RESOURCES IN PAKISTAN 19. The detailed overview only helps to ascertain that the mineral deposits of Pakistan are huge but there seems a host of factors which are hindering the development of minerals. Taking a 360 degree view, there are internal as well as external impediments and also issues like environmental hazards and lack of technology. Each of these are discussed in succeeding paragraphs. 20. Internal Impediments. Some of the impediments faced by Pakistan internally are as under:- a. Understaffing of Mineral Department. Minerals department is critically understaffed. There is only one mine inspector for the whole district and only one Assistant Director of License to look after the licenses issues in the whole region. Hence the officials are unable to visit the mine sites and monitor the progress. b. Lack of Technology. There is visible lack of technology available for the miners, since most of the mine owners are medium to small scale. The mining carried in the country is still based upon the century old techniques. c. Lack of Proper Database. Inconsistency is common in the data provided by the Provincial Offices and District Offices on licenses, leases, budget, revenues, etc. Regional offices are not very reliable and do not help towards well-informed policy initiatives. d. Lack of interest of the foreign investors. Although the FDI inflow in mining and quarrying sector in Pakistan has increased yet deteriorating law and order situation and poicies are proving to be major barriers against the inflow of FDI specially in Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. e. Security of Tenure. Another important issue faced by the miners is the lack of security of tenure. The government can take away the lease any time citing reasons of low extraction, slow work progress etcetera and this reason alone is enough to deter investment. The mineral development Act of 1948 is still in place which also needs to be addressed. f. Weak Coordination and Non Transparency. Mineral department is not only weak in coordination due to nonexistence of proper policy but is also non transparent at times i.e. ignoring the mandatory requirement for grant of licenses and leases under political influence. Employees Old Age Benefit Institute (EOBI)  [22]  is a case in point. The contractors also accuse that some officials of regional directorate bypass the rules and regulations and ignore the merit due to their vested interests. g. Tribal Rivalries. In mineral rich areas tribes are mostly working against each other so as to gain control over the mineral resources in that particular region. Resultantly the exploration work is stalled, since no foreign company would like to work in a hostile environment. h. Deteriorating Law and Order Situation. Owing to GWOT the law and order situation of the country is not very encouraging for local as well as foreign investors. Most of the mineral rich areas are either under conditions of unrest or located in the close vicinity, thereby precluding any chance of exploration work. i. Role of Government  [23]  . The responsibility of the mineral exploitation rests with duality of control between provincial and federal governments. Constitutionally, government of Pakistan has defined its role for nuclear minerals, oil and gas while solid minerals whether they are in the Federal territory are the subject of provincial government. The concern of government of Pakistan for agriculture which relates to the curst of the earth is not likewise in the minerals. j. Public Sector Corporations. The public sector corporations which were created to undertake R D and disseminate/ transfer such knowledge and experience to the private sector have focused their attention on maximizing the revenue generation even at the cost of disregarding the safety measures. L k. Beneficiation R D  [24]  . The engineering universities as well as geological departments which have the high level of talent and manpower are not being utilized for R D in the mineral sector due to which most of the talent is being wasted. 21. External Impediments. Some of the impediments faced by Pakistan internally are as under:- a. Role of Donor Agencies. In case of third world countries the international donor agencies like IMF, World Bank ADB etce